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NARSTO Workshop on Innovative Methods for Emission Inventory Development and Evaluation University of Texas, Austin October 14-17, 2003 |
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An Improved Measurement Method And New Speciated PM2.5 Emission Factors For Stationary Combustion Sources
Glenn C. England, Oliver M.C. Chang, and Stephanie Wien
GE Energy and Environmental Research Corporation, Irvine, CA
Kathy Stirling
U.S. Department of Energy National Petroleum Technology Office, Tulsa, OK
Barry Liebowitz
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY
John Watson, Judy Chow and Barbara Zielinska
Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
Philip K. Hopke
Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY
To understand the contribution of stationary sources to ambient PM2.5 (i.e., particles smaller than 2.5 microns or PM2.5), accurate inventories of the mass and chemical composition of source PM2.5 and precursor emissions is needed. The present work focuses on: (1) Developing valid emission factors and speciation profiles for stationary sources found in oil, gas and power generation industries; (2) designing a new dilution sampler design for improved applicability to stationary sources; and (3) establishing a robust standard methodology for fine PM source characterization.
Dilution sampling methods offer advantages over traditional stack sampling methods for determining chemical speciation of fine particle and precursor emissions because: a broader range of sampling media and methods can be employed; the same sampling/analysis methods used for chemical speciation of ambient PM2.5 can be employed providing directly comparable results; traditional hot filter/impinger methods are subject to substantial positive bias due to SO2/sulfate artifacts and excessive nucleation. Measurements representative of the near-field plume from a stationary source require sufficient residence time in the dilution sampler to allow condensation and growth of key aerosol constituents. Pilot-scale combustor tests burning straight and doped natural gas, No. 6 fuel oil, and coal indicate that near-equilibrium aerosol conditions can be achieved at much shorter residence times (10 seconds) than previously thought, enabling a more compact dilution sampler design. An ASTM Task Group has been formed to develop a consensus standard for stationary source dilution sampling. Field tests on several full-scale gas- and residual oil-fired sources characterized emissions of mass, ions, anions, elemental and organic carbon, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds. New speciated emission factors will be presented.